Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 10, Issue 1 , Pages 14-21 , January 2008

Risks of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Sphincterotomy

  • Jeremy Rochester, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Jeremy Rochester, MD, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467.

References 

  1. Freeman ML, Nelson DB, Sherman S, et al. Complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:909–918
  2. Elfant AB, Bourke MJ, Alhalel R, et al. A prospective study of the safety of endoscopic therapy for choledocholithiasis in an outpatient population. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1499–1502
  3. Bergman JJ, van der Mey S, Rauws EA, et al. Long-term follow-up after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones in patients younger than 60 years of age. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:643–649
  4. Loperfido S, Angelini G, Benedetti G, et al. Major early complications from diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48:1–10
  5. Masci E, Toti G, Mariani A, et al. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:417–423
  6. Freeman ML, DiSario JA, Nelson DB, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:425–434
  7. Vandervoort J, Soetikno RM, Tham TC, et al. Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:652–656
  8. Christensen M, Matzen P, Schulze S, et al. Complications of ERCP: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:721–731
  9. Suissa A, Yassin K, Lavy A, et al. Outcome and early complications of ERCP: a prospective single center study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:352–355
  10. Cheng CL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:139–147
  11. Froehlich F, Gonvers JJ, Vader JP, et al. Appropriateness of gastrointestinal endoscopy: risk of complications. Endoscopy. 1999;31:684–686
  12. Pezzilli R, Billi P, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Anesthesiological risk and endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003;26:334–338
  13. Deans GT, Sedman P, Martin DF, et al. Are complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy age related?. Gut. 1997;41:545–548
  14. Pezzilli R, Romboli E, Campana D, et al. Mechanisms involved in the onset of post-ERCP pancreatitis. JOP. 2002;3:162–168
  15. Hui CK, Lai KC, Wong WM, et al. Outpatients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: six-hour versus overnight observation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:1163–1168
  16. Sultan S, Baillie J. What are the predictors of post-ERCP pancreatitis, and how useful are they?. JOP. 2002;3:188–194
  17. Thomas PR, Sengupta S. Prediction of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the 4-h post procedure amylase level. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:923–926
  18. Laugier R, Bernard JP, Berthezene P, et al. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion. 1991;50:202–211
  19. Singh P, Gurudu SR, Davidoff S, et al. Sphincter of oddi manometry does not predispose to post-ERCP acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:499–505
  20. Sherman S, Hawes RH, Troiano FP, et al. Pancreatitis following bile duct sphincter of oddi manometry: utility of the aspirating catheter. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:347–350
  21. Mehta SN, Pavone E, Barkun JS, et al. Predictors of post-ERCP complications in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Endoscopy. 1998;30:457–463
  22. Tanner AR. ERCP: present practice in a single region (suggested standards for monitoring performance). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8:145–148
  23. Kaffes AJ, Sriram PV, Rao GV, et al. Early institution of pre-cutting for difficult biliary cannulation: a prospective study comparing conventional vs. a modified technique. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:669–674
  24. Smithline A, Silverman W, Rogers D, et al. Effect of prophylactic main pancreatic duct stenting on the incidence of biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;39:652–657
  25. Tarnasky PR, Palesch YY, Cunningham JT, et al. Pancreatic stenting prevents pancreatitis after biliary sphincterotomy in patients with sphincter of oddi dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1518–1524
  26. Aizawa T, Ueno N. Stent placement in the pancreatic duct prevents pancreatitis after endoscopic sphincter dilation for removal of bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:209–213
  27. Fazel A, Quadri A, Catalano MF, et al. Does a pancreatic duct stent prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis? (A prospective randomized study). Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:291–294
  28. Singh P, Das A, Isenberg G, et al. Does prophylactic pancreatic stent placement reduce the risk of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis? (A meta-analysis of controlled trials). Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:544–550
  29. Rashdan A, Fogel EL, McHenry L, et al. Improved stent characteristics for prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:322–329
  30. Freeman ML, Overby C, Qi D. Pancreatic stent insertion: Consequences of failure and results of a modified technique to maximize success. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:8–14
  31. Prat F, Amaris J, Ducot B, et al. Nifedipine for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, double-blind randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:202–208
  32. Moreto M, Zaballa M, Casado I, et al. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized double-blind trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:1–7
  33. Dumot JA, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G, et al. A randomized, double blind study of interleukin 10 for the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2098–2102
  34. Dumot JA, Conwell DL, O’Connor JB, et al. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone to prevent ERCP-induced pancreatitis: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:61–65
  35. Budzynska A, Marek T, Nowak A, et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone and allopurinol in the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2001;33:766–772
  36. Rabenstein T, Fischer B, Wiessner V, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin does not prevent acute post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:606–613
  37. Cavallini G, Tittobello A, Frulloni L, et al. Gabexate for the prevention of pancreatic damage related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: gabexate in digestive endoscopy–italian group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:919–923
  38. Masci E, Cavallini G, Mariani A, et al. Comparison of two dosing regimens of gabexate in the prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2182–2186
  39. Andriulli A, Solmi L, Loperfido S, et al. Prophylaxis of ERCP-related pancreatitis: a randomized, controlled trial of somatostatin and gabexate mesylate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:713–718
  40. Andriulli A, Clemente R, Solmi L, et al. Gabexate or somatostatin administration before ERCP in patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:488–495
  41. Poon RT, Yeung C, Lo CM, et al. Prophylactic effect of somatostatin on post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:593–598
  42. Andriulli A, Leandro G, Niro G, et al. Pharmacologic treatment can prevent pancreatic injury after ERCP: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:1–7
  43. Binmoeller KF, Harris AG, Dumas R, et al. Does the somatostatin analogue octreotide protect against ERCP induced pancreatitis?. Gut. 1992;33:1129–1133
  44. Binmoeller KF, Dumas R, Harris AG, et al. Effect of somatostatin analog octreotide on human sphincter of oddi. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:773–777
  45. Johnson GK, Geenen JE, Bedford RA, et al. A comparison of nonionic versus ionic contrast media: results of a prospective, multicenter study (midwest pancreaticobiliary study group). Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:312–316
  46. Mishkin D, Carpenter S, Croffie J, et al. ASGE technology status evaluation report: radiographic contrast media used in ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:480–484
  47. Lella F, Bagnolo F, Colombo E, et al. A simple way of avoiding post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:830–834
  48. Stefanidis G, Karamanolis G, Viazis N, et al. A comparative study of postendoscopic sphincterotomy complications with various types of electrosurgical current in patients with choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:192–197
  49. Norton ID, Petersen BT, Bosco J, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy using pure-cut versus combined cut and coagulation waveforms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:1029–1033
  50. Wilcox CM, Canakis J, Monkemuller KE, et al. Patterns of bleeding after endoscopic sphincterotomy, the subsequent risk of bleeding, and the role of epinephrine injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:244–248
  51. Oren A, Breumelhof R, Timmer R, et al. Abnormal clotting parameters before therapeutic ERCP: do they predict major bleeding?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11:1093–1097
  52. Hui CK, Lai KC, Yuen MF, et al. Does withholding aspirin for one week reduce the risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:929–936
  53. Kuran S, Parlak E, Oguz D, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced hemorrhage: treatment with heat probe. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:506–511
  54. Oviedo JA, Barrison A, Lichtenstein DR. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for refractory postsphincterotomy bleeding: report of two cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:148–151
  55. Stapfer M, Selby RR, Stain SC, et al. Management of duodenal perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy. Ann Surg. 2000;232:191–198
  56. Howard TJ, Tan T, Lehman GA, et al. Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy. Surgery. 1999;126:658–663discussion 664-665
  57. Enns R, Eloubeidi MA, Mergener K, et al. ERCP-related perforations: risk factors and management. Endoscopy. 2002;34:293–298
  58. van den Hazel SJ, Speelman P, Dankert J, et al. Piperacillin to prevent cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (A randomized, controlled trial). Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:442–447
  59. Sauter G, Grabein B, Huber G, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infectious complications with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (A randomized controlled study). Endoscopy. 1990;22:164–167
  60. Mehal WZ, Culshaw KD, Tillotson GS, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a randomized clinical trial comparing ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime in 200 patients at high risk of cholangitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;7:841–845
  61. Niederau C, Pohlmann U, Lubke H, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in therapeutic or complicated diagnostic ERCP: results of a randomized controlled clinical study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:533–537
  62. Subhani JM, Kibbler C, Dooley JS. Review article: antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:103–116
  63. Davis AJ, Kolios G, Alveyn CG, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a comparison of oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous cephazolin in the prophylaxis of high-risk patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:207–211
  64. Hirota WK, Petersen K, Baron TH, et al. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:475–482
  65. Bergman JJ, van Berkel AM, Groen AK, et al. Biliary manometry, bacterial characteristics, bile composition, and histologic changes fifteen to seventeen years after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:400–405
  66. Costamagna G, Tringali A, Shah SK, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis, and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy. 2002;34:273–279
  67. Tham TC, Carr-Locke DL, Collins JS. Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the young patient: is there cause for concern?. Gut. 1997;40:697–700
  68. Hawes RH, Cotton PB, Vallon AG. Follow-up 6 to 11 years after duodenoscopic sphincterotomy for stones in patients with prior cholecystectomy. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1008–1012
  69. Lau JY, Leow CK, Fung TM, et al. Cholecystectomy or gallbladder in situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy and bile duct stone removal in chinese patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:96–103
  70. Isayama H, Komatsu Y, Inoue Y, et al. Preserved function of the oddi sphincter after endoscopic papillary balloon dilation. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1787–1791
  71. Minami A, Nakatsu T, Uchida N, et al. Papillary dilation vs sphincterotomy in endoscopic removal of bile duct stones (A randomized trial with manometric function). Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:2550–2554
  72. Ochi Y, Mukawa K, Kiyosawa K, et al. Comparing the treatment outcomes of endoscopic papillary dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile duct stones. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:90–96
  73. Yasuda I, Tomita E, Enya M, et al. Can endoscopic papillary balloon dilation really preserve sphincter of oddi function?. Gut. 2001;49:686–691
  74. Bergman JJ, Rauws EA, Fockens P, et al. Randomised trial of endoscopic balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bileduct stones. Lancet. 1997;349:1124–1129
  75. Vlavianos P, Chopra K, Mandalia S, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilatation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for the removal of bile duct stones: a prospective randomised trial. Gut. 2003;52:1165–1169
  76. Fujita N, Maguchi H, Komatsu Y, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation for bile duct stones: a prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:151–155
  77. Arnold JC, Benz C, Martin WR, et al. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation vs. sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones: a prospective randomized pilot study. Endoscopy. 2001;33:563–567
  78. Disario JA, Freeman ML, Bjorkman DJ, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation compared with sphincterotomy for extraction of bile duct stones. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1291–1299
  79. Baron TH, Harewood GC. Endoscopic balloon dilation of the biliary sphincter compared to endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones during ERCP: a metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1455–1460
  80. Natsui M, Narisawa R, Motoyama H, et al. What is an appropriate indication for endoscopic papillary balloon dilation?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14:635–640
  81. Sato D, Shibahara T, Miyazaki K, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for the prevention of pancreatitis after papillary balloon dilatation: a pilot study. Pancreas. 2005;31:93–97
  82. Tanaka S, Sawayama T, Yoshioka T. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term outcomes in a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:614–618
  83. Bergman JJ, van Berkel AM, Bruno MJ, et al. Is endoscopic balloon dilation for removal of bile duct stones associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis or a higher rate of hyperamylasemia?. Endoscopy. 2001;33:416–420
  84. Park do H, Kim MH, Lee SK, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy vs. endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for choledocholithiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis and coagulopathy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:180–185
  85. Bergman JJ, van Berkel AM, Bruno MJ, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic balloon dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile duct stones in patients with a prior billroth II gastrectomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:19–26

PII: S1096-2883(07)00049-6

doi: 10.1016/j.tgie.2007.08.006

Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 10, Issue 1 , Pages 14-21 , January 2008